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|linking_name = the Nordic Council |image_flag = Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg |alt_flag = Stylised circular motif of a white swan upon a blue disk on a white background |image_map = Location Nordic Council.svg |map_caption = Member states and regions of the Nordic Council (blue). |org_type = Intergovernmental organization |membership = |admin_center_type = Headquarters |admin_center = |languages_type = Working languages |languages = |leader_title1 = Secretary-General |leader_name1 = Britt Bohlin Olsson |leader_title2 = President |leader_name2 = Höskuldur Þórhallsson |leader_title3 = Vice-President |leader_name3 = Guðbjartur Hannesson |leader_title4 = Secretary General of the Council of Ministers |leader_name4 = Dagfinn Høybråten |leader_title5 = Presidency of the Council of Ministers |leader_name5 = Denmark |established_event1 = Nordic Council inaugurated |established_date1 = 12 Feb 1953 |established_event2 = Treaty of Helsinki |established_date2 = 1 Jul 1962 |established_event3 = Nordic Council of Ministers and Secretariat inaugurated |established_date3 = Jul 1971 |area_km2 = |population_estimate = 25,880,000 |population_estimate_year = 2012 |population_density_km2 = |GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_year = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = |GDP_nominal = |GDP_nominal_year = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = |Gini_year = |Gini_change = |Gini = |Gini_ref = |HDI_year = |HDI_change = |HDI = |HDI_ref = |currency = |official_website = }} The Nordic Council is a geo-political inter-parliamentary forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries. It was formed after Second World War in 1952 to promote co-operation between the five Nordic countries. Its first concrete result was the introduction in 1952 of a common labour market and free movement across borders without passports for the countries' citizens. The Council has 87 elected members from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden as well as from the Faroe Islands, Greenland and the Åland Islands. In 1971, the Nordic Council of Ministers, an intergovernmental forum, was established to complement the Council. == History == During World War II, Denmark and Norway were occupied by Germany; Finland fought a costly war with the Soviet Union; while Sweden, though neutral, still felt the war's effects. Following the war, the Nordic countries pursued the idea of a Scandinavian defence union to ensure their mutual defence. However, Finland, due to its Paasikivi-Kekkonen policy of neutrality and FCMA treaty with the USSR, could not participate. It was proposed that the Nordic countries would unify their foreign policy and defence, remain neutral in the event of a conflict and not ally with NATO, which some were planning at the time. The United States, keen on getting access to bases in Scandinavia and believing the Nordic countries incapable of defending themselves, stated it would not ensure military support for Scandinavia if they did not join NATO. As Denmark and Norway sought US aid for their post-war reconstruction, the project collapsed, with Denmark, Norway and Iceland joining NATO.〔(The plan for a Scandinavian Defence Union ), European Navigator. Étienne Deschamps. Translated by the CVCE.〕 Further Nordic co-operation, such as an economic customs union, also failed. This led then-Danish Prime Minister Hans Hedtoft to propose, in 1951, a consultative inter-parliamentary body. This proposal was agreed by Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden in 1952.〔(Before 1952 ), Nordic Council〕 The Council's first session was held in the Danish Parliament on 13 February 1953 and it elected Hans Hedtoft as its president. When Finnish-Soviet relations thawed following the death of Joseph Stalin, Finland joined the council in 1955.〔(1953–1971 Finland joins in and the first Nordic rights are formulated. ), Nordic Council〕 On 2 July 1954, the Nordic labour market was created and in 1958, building upon a 1952 passport-free travel area, the Nordic Passport Union was created. These two measures helped ensure Nordic citizens' free movement around Scandinavia. A Nordic Convention on Social Security was implemented in 1955. There were also plans for a single market but they were abandoned in 1959 shortly before Denmark, Norway and Sweden joined the European Free Trade Area (EFTA). Finland became an associated member of EFTA in 1961 and Denmark and Norway applied to join the European Economic Community (EEC).〔 This move towards the EEC led to desire for a formal Nordic treaty; the Helsinki Treaty outlined the workings of the Council and came into force on 24 March 1962. Further advancements on Nordic cooperation were made in the following years: a Nordic School of Public Health, a Nordic Cultural Fund and Nordic House in Reykjavík. Then-Danish Prime Minister Hilmar Baunsgaard proposed full economic cooperation ("Nordek") in 1968. Nordek was agreed in 1970, but Finland then backtracked, stating that its ties with the Soviet Union meant it could not form close economic ties with potential members of the EEC (Denmark and Norway).〔 Nordek was then abandoned. As a consequence, Denmark and Norway applied to join the EEC and the Nordic Council of Ministers was set up in 1971 to ensure continued Nordic cooperation.〔(The period up to 1971 ), Nordic Council of Ministers〕 In 1970 representatives of the Faroe Islands and Åland were allowed to take part in the Nordic Council as part of the Danish and Finnish delegations.〔 Norway turned down EEC membership in 1972 while Denmark acted as a bridge builder between the EEC and the Nordics.〔(1972–1989 ), Nordic Council of Ministers〕 Also in 1973, although Finland did not opt for full membership of the EEC, Finland negotiated a free trade treaty with the EEC that in practice removed customs duties from 1977 on, although there were transition periods up to 1985 for some products. Sweden did not apply due to its non-alliance policy, which was aimed at preserving neutrality. Greenland subsequently left the EEC and has since sought a more active role in circumpolar affairs. In the 1970s, the Nordic Council founded the Nordic Industrial Fund, Nordtest and the Nordic Investment Bank. The Council's remit was also expanded to include environmental protection and, in order to clean up the pollution in the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic, a joint energy network was established. The Nordic Science Policy Council was set up in 1983〔 and, in 1984, representatives from Greenland were allowed to join the Danish delegation.〔 Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Nordic Council began to cooperate more with the Baltic states and new Baltic Sea organisations. Sweden and Finland joined the European Union (EU), the EEC's successor, in 1995. Norway had also applied, but once again voted against membership.〔(After 1989 ), Nordic Council of Ministers〕 However, Norway and Iceland did join the European Economic Area (EEA) which integrated them economically with the EU. The Nordic Passport Union was also subsumed into the EU's Schengen Area in 1996. The Nordic Council became more outward-looking, to the Arctic, Baltic, Europe and Canada. The Øresund Bridge linking Sweden and Denmark led to a large amount of cross-border travel, which in turn led to further efforts to reduce barriers.〔 However, the initially envisioned tasks and functions of the Nordic Council have become partially dormant due to the significant overlap with the EU and EEA. Since 2008, Iceland has also sought EU membership. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nordic Council」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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